Instrumentation Control: Resistance Temperature Detectors

Instrumentation Control: Resistance Temperature Detectors Abstract Within manufacturing, process control is fundamental in order to routinely produce high quality parts. Process control is an engineering discipline which can be defined as maintaining the output of a specific process within a desired range. [1] Temperature regulation is omnipresent in the world we live, for example, every living creature has autonomous bodily functions to regulate temperature. Artificially, central heating systems work in the same way, the user sets the desired temperature and the system detects the current state and makes adjustments to the temperature. A resistance temperature detector (hereby referred to as an RTD) is a temperature sensor which exploits the basic principles of science to play a key role in process control. 1. Literature Review An RTD is a temperature sensor which contains a resistive element. As the elements temperature changes so does its value of electrical resistance. It is this predictable property which enables us to control the temperature of a chosen substance or environment. RTDs are well known for their accuracy, stability and repeatability. The electrical resistance related to the variation of temperature is given as the Callendar-Van Dusen equation: Within a basic RTD the change in resistance of the element is small in comparison to the change in temperature. Therefore a bridge circuit is used to allow the measuring of the voltage drop across the resistor when applying a small constant current. Once the sensing element (see figure 1, below) has been placed where the temperature needs to be monitored or controlled, it will reach thermal equilibrium with its environment. At that temperature, the element will exhibit a certain value of resistance, this resistance is calculated and converted into a temperature which is fed back to the end user. Any change to the temperature of the environment will be represented by the change in electrical resistance of the RTD. There are five different construction variants of RTD elements, these include: Carbon resistor elements- these elements are cheap and popular. At low temperatures these elements are at their most reliable and are highly reproducible. Another advantage is that carbon resistor elements often dont suffer from hysteresis. Strain free elements- used in SPRTs (the highest accuracy of all RTDs) and can work up to 961.78 °C. These elements consist of a wire coil surrounded by inert gas. Thin film elements- a very thin layer of resistive material is deposited onto a ceramic substratum and coated in epoxy. These elements are not as stable as wire-wound or coiled elements, and they are only effective over a small temperature range. However they are smaller and cheaper than the standard wire-wound elements. Wire-wound elements- have a greater accuracy over wider temperature ranges. They consist of a length of pure metal in the form of a wire, usually wrapped around a glass or ceramic core. The elements are usually very fragile, and therefore, need protecting with a sheath. The diameter of the coil minimises the strain on the element by compromising between mechanical stability and expansion of the material. Coiled elements- currently the technology of choice, replacing wire-wound elements. They consist of a stress free design which lets the coil expand and contract freely as the temperature changes. The housing is made from ceramic oxide and the coils are threaded through bores, which are packed with fine ceramic powder. These elements are effective up to 850 °C. The most common materials used as RTD elements are platinum, nickel, copper, balco and tungsten. Platinum is the most popular due to it being very repeatable and quite sensitive, balco and tungsten are very rarely used. Platinum, copper and nickel have temperature ranges of 650 °C, 300 °C and 120 °C respectively and exhibit strong linear properties over a wide range of temperature. (see figure 2, below). 2. PT100 Sensors The most common type of RTD used within industry is the PT100. This RTD has an element of pure platinum and has an electrical resistance of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ at 0 °C, hence the name PT100. The resistance of a typical PT100 RTD changes at 0.39à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ per 1 °C. 2.1 Wiring Variations Two wire configuration: As the name suggests, this PT100 RTD uses two wires. However this configuration does include a possible source of error where the resistance of the connecting wires is added to the resistance of the sensor. Should a company or individual choose this configuration they can combat this source of error by mounting a temperature transmitter close to the element. This configuration is best used when high accuracy is not required. Three wire configuration: The three wire configuration is the most widely used minimises the effects of the lead resistances. The two leads to the sensor are on adjoining arms, in each arm there is a lead resistance which is cancelled out if the two lead resistances are accurately the same. Four wire configuration: The accuracy of the measurement of resistance is increased by using the four-wire configuration. Voltage drop in the measuring leads is eliminated using four-terminal sensing. 2.2 Properties of PT100 RTDs 2.2.1 Precision PT100 RTDs are extremely precise. A tolerance of  ±0.75 °C is applied up to 300 °C, for temperatures between 700 °C and 800 °C a tolerance of 1% is applied. 2.2.2 Stability A PT100 RTD has a long term stability of around  ±0.2% of the 0% value over a 1000 hour (one year span). This test was conducted in special ovens with air heated to 800 °C. This property is arguably the greatest property of an RTD. 2.2.3 Speed of Response Speed of response is measured by submerging the PT100 sensor in water or air moving at 1 m/s with a 63.2% step change (see figure x). Thermo-electra show that the response time for one of their PT100 sensors are as follows [5]: Resistance -element mineral insulated Resistance-element with protection tube and insert Diameter 3-6mm 9mm Insertion length 100-500mm 100-150mm Response time in water (s) 0.6-4 30 Response time in air (s) 26-55 140 3. References [1] B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy. (2014). Batch Automation Systems. In: B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy Industrial Process Automation Systems: Design and Implementation. -: Butterworth-Heinemann. 135. [2] Correge. (). Head- or cable type mineral insulated probes. Available: http://www.correge.fr/rtd-sensor-mineral-insulated.html. Last accessed 11th Dec 2016. [3] Various. (2016). Resistance Thermometer. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [4] Acromag. (2011). CRITERIA FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR SELECTION OF T/C AND RTD SENSOR TYPES . Available: https://www.acromag.com/sites/default/files/RTD_Temperature_Measurement_917A.pdf. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [5] Thermo-electra. (-). Sensor Response Times. Available: http://www.thermo-electra.com/en/producten/technische-informatie/response-times. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [6] electrical4u. (2012). Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD | Construction and Working Principle. Available: http://www.electrical4u.com/resistance-temperature-detector-or-rtd-construction-and-working-principle/. Last accessed 22/12/2016.

My Philosophy of Education Essays -- Education Educating Teaching Essa

My Philosophy of Education Education is a major component of our society. Each culture has its own traditions on education, and there are many different philosophies on education. There are so many people that are involved in the educational system, and I feel that it is important to express my own philosophy on education. Of course, one purpose of education is to help to develop children emotionally. In the educational setting students learn manners, how to respect their peers and their elders. In fact, I feel that this is one of the more important purposes of the schools. Children learn how to interact with other students, and teachers. Especially in the early years, students are taught to be honest, and to share. While these are lessons that might also be taught at home, it is important to reinforce proper behavior at schools. Similarly, the educational system also teaches basic skills that will be necessary in life. These lessons aren’t always taught in classes or planned in lessons, however, certain things, like time management is taught through school. Students are required to balance their life, with homework, sports practices, clubs, friends and family. This is an important skill that the educational system helps to develop. Clearly another purpose of schools is to teach students different subject areas. The purpose of education is to expand your knowledge, and your world. I believe that the pu...

Life Styles Inventory (LSI): Self Analysis Essay -- self-assessment di

Introduction The Life Styles Inventory (LSI) is a self-assessment diagnostic instrument that measures 12 key thinking patterns, or "styles". The LSI promotes performance change and improvement by increasing personal understanding of one's thinking and behavior. By responding to these 240 inventory items, individuals learn exactly where they need to focus their development efforts, without ambiguity or guesswork. The results of the self-description are plotted on a circular graph for easy visualization of how the individual thinks and behaves in the 12 LSI styles. This profile acts as a personalized developmental needs assessment, calling attention to the individual's strengths as well as areas needing improvement. Part I: Personal Thinking Styles (primary, backup, limiting) According to my LSI profile shows my primary style is achievement. My backup thinking style is dependent. My backup style was closely followed by avoidance. Refer to attachment â€Å"A† The LSI . My limiting style appears to be is two fold. dependent and avoidance. It illustrates that these two â€Å"limit† my self-actualization and achievement percentages. I do not find myself to be overly defensive or aggressive when dealing with individuals. I tend to listen more to what people have to say. This result was not new to me. avoidance and dependent evidently are the areas that are causing me not to excel. According to the LSI information provided, when your achievement score is greater and the humanistic-encouraging and affiliative scores are less, a concern for task accomplishment will diminish a concern need for others. Evidently this imbalance is reducing my overall effectiveness. When I put this under my microscope, I find that this charact... ...te achiever I need to lead by example, and encourage individuals to give their best effort on every project. Although I am a limited self-starter I must learn to communicate more realistic performance standard/goals and promote teammate input. As I continue to study Leadership and Organizational Behavior, I hope to change my thinking style that is geared to personal effectiveness. Limit my passive / dependent styles and obtain more constructive styles. The Life Styles Inventory from Human Synergistics International was a good wake up call, and offer a way to change your profile. The Challenge of Change section in the LSI will enable me to document a self-improvement plan utilizing my LSI profile. With this, my change suggestions and self-improvement plan will give me a guided direction to properly focus my personal development goals on the way I need to go.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 42

By now Matt and Mrs. Flowers couldn't ignore the blinding lights anymore. They had to go outside. But just as Matt opened the door there was – well, Matt didn't know what it was. Something blasted straight out of the ground and into the sky, where it got smaller and smaller, became a star, and disappeared. A meteor that had gone through the Earth? But wouldn't that mean tsunamis and earthquakes and shockwaves and forest fires and maybe even the Earth ripping apart? If one meteor that hit the surface could kill off all the dinosaurs†¦ The light that had been shining upward had faded slightly. â€Å"Well, bless my soul,† said Mrs. Flowers in a small, shaken voice. â€Å"Matt, dear, are you all right?† â€Å"Yes, ma'am. But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Matt's vocabulary couldn't stand the strain. â€Å"What the hell was it?† And to his slight surprise, Mrs. Flowers said, â€Å"My sentiments exactly!† â€Å"Wait – there's something moving. Get back!† â€Å"Dear Matt, be careful with that gun†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's people! Oh, my God! It's Elena.† Matt abruptly sat down on the ground. He could only whisper now. † Elena. She's alive. She's alive!† From what Matt could see, there were a group of people climbing and helping others climb out of a perfectly rectangular hole, perhaps five feet deep, in Mrs. Flowers's angelica patch. They could hear voices. â€Å"All right,† Elena was saying, as she bent down. â€Å"Now grab my hands.† But the way she was dressed! A scrap of scarlet that showed all sorts of scratches and cuts on her legs. On top – well, the remains of the gown covered about what a bikini would. And she was wearing the largest, most sparkly costume jewelry that Matt had ever seen. More voices, going on through Matt's shock. â€Å"Be careful, yes? I will lift him to you – â€Å" â€Å"I can climb out my own.† – surely that was Stefan! â€Å"You see?† Elena rejoiced. â€Å"He says he can climb out his own!† â€Å"Oui, but perhaps one small lift – â€Å" â€Å"This is hardly the time for machismo, little brother.† And that, Matt thought, fingering the revolver, was Damon. Blessed bullets†¦ â€Å"No, I want – to do it myself – okay – got it. There.† â€Å"There! You see! He's better every second!† Elena caroled. â€Å"Where's the diamond? Damon?† Stefan sounded anxious. â€Å"I have it safe. Relax.† â€Å"I want to hold it. Please.† â€Å"More than you want to hold me?† Elena asked. There was a blur and then Stefan was lying back in her arms, while she said, â€Å"Easy, easy.† Matt stared. Damon was right behind them, almost as if he belonged there. â€Å"I'll watch the diamond,† he said flatly. â€Å"You watch your girl.† â€Å"Excuse me – I'm sorry, but†¦could somebody please lift me out?† And that was Bonnie! Bonnie, sounding plaintive but not afraid or unhappy. Bonnie giggling! â€Å"Have we got all the sacks of star balls?† â€Å"We've got all the ones from that house we found.† And that was Meredith. Thank God. They'd all made it out. But despite his thoughts, his eyes were drawn again to one figure – the one who seemed to be supervising things – the one with golden hair. â€Å"We need the star balls because any one of them might be – † she was beginning, when Bonnie cried out â€Å"Oh, look! Look! It's Mrs. Flowers and Matt!† â€Å"Now, Bonnie, they'd hardly be waiting for us,† Meredith put in. â€Å"Where? Bonnie, where?† Elena demanded. â€Å"If it's Shinichi and Misao in disguise I'm going to – hey, Matt!† â€Å"Will someone please tell me where?† â€Å"Right there, Meredith!† â€Å"Oh! Mrs. Flowers! Um†¦I hope we didn't wake you.† â€Å"I have never had a happier awakening,† Mrs. Flowers said solemnly. â€Å"I can see what you have been through in the Dark Place. Your – er – lack of sufficient clothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A sudden silence. Meredith glanced at Bonnie. Bonnie glanced at Meredith. â€Å"I know these clothes and gems may seem a little too much†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Matt found his voice. â€Å"Those jewels? They're real?† â€Å"Oh, they're nothing. And we're all dirty†¦.† â€Å"Forgive me. We stink – which is my fault – † Stefan began, only to have Elena cut in. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, Matt: Stefan's been a prisoner! All this time! Starved and tortured – oh, God!† â€Å"Elena. Shhh. You got me back.† â€Å"We got you back. Now, I'll never let you go. Ever, ever.† â€Å"Easy, love. I really need a bath and – † Stefan stopped suddenly. â€Å"There're no iron bars! Nothing to shut off my Powers! I can†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stepped away from Elena, who clung with one hand. There was a soft, silvery flash of light, like a full moon appearing and disappearing in their midst. â€Å"Over here!† he said. â€Å"Anyone who doesn't want little beastly parasites, I can take care of you.† â€Å"I'm your girl,† said Meredith. â€Å"I have a phobia about fleas, and Damon never even got me any flea powder. What a master!† There was laughter at this, laughter Matt didn't understand. Meredith was wearing – well, it had to be costume jewelry – but still it looked like about a few million dollars' worth of sapphires. Stefan took Meredith's hand. There was the same soft flash of light. And then Meredith stepped back saying, â€Å"Thanks.† Stefan's low response was, â€Å"Thank you, Meredith.† Meredith's blue dress was at least in one piece, Matt observed. Bonnie – whose dress had been slashed into starlight-colored ribbons – was raising a hand. â€Å"Me, too, please!† Stefan took her hand, and it happened all over again. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan! Oooh! I feel so much better! I hated itching!† â€Å"Thank you, Bonnie. I hated to think I was dying alone.† â€Å"Other vampires, take care of yourselves!† Elena said, as if she had a clipboard and were checking items off. â€Å"And, Stefan, please – † She held out her hands to him. He knelt in front of her, kissed both her hands, then enshrouded them in the soft white light. â€Å"But I'd still like a bath†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Bonnie pleadingly, as the new vampire – the tall fit one – and Damon had each sparked a moonlight glow around themselves. Mrs. Flowers spoke up. â€Å"There are four working bathtubs in that house: in Stefan's room, in my room, in the rooms on either side of Stefan's. Be my guest. I'll put some bath salts in each right now.† And then she added, holding her arms out to the whole ragged, bleeding, dirty bunch of them: â€Å"My house is yours, my dears.† There was a chorus of passionate â€Å"thank yous.† â€Å"I'll arrange a rota. For feeding Stefan, I mean. If you girls are willing,† Elena added quickly, looking at Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"He doesn't need much, just a little every hour until morning.† Elena still seemed very shy of Matt. Matt was very shy of her. But he stepped forward, empty hands held up to show that he was harmless. â€Å"Is it a rule that it's only girls? Because I've got blood, too, and I'm healthy as a horse.† Stefan quickly looked at him. â€Å"No rule about only girls. But you don't have to – â€Å" â€Å"I want to help you.† â€Å"Okay, then. Thank you, Matt.† The proper response seemed to be â€Å"Thank you, Stefan,† but Matt couldn't think of anything until, â€Å"Thanks for taking care of Elena.† Stefan smiled. â€Å"Thank Damon for that. He and the others all helped me – and each other.† â€Å"We Also Walk Dogs – at least Sage does,† Damon said slyly. â€Å"Oh – that reminds me. I should use that de-parasiting trick on my two friends. Saber! Talon! Heel!† He added a whistle that Matt could never have imitated. In any case, Matt was operating in a dream. A huge dog, almost as big as a pony, seemingly, and a falcon came out of the darkness. â€Å"Now,† the fit vampire said, and once again the soft light shone. And then: â€Å"There. If you don't mind; I prefer to sleep out-of-doors with my friends. I am grateful for all your kindnesses, Madame, and my name is Sage. The hawk is Talon; the dog, Saber.† Elena said, â€Å"Dibs on Stefan's bath for Stefan and me, and Mrs. Flowers's bath for the girls. You boys can work things out on your own.† â€Å"I,† Mrs. Flowers said gravely, â€Å"will be in the kitchen, making sandwiches.† She turned to go. That was when Shinichi arose from the earth above them. Or rather when his face arose. It was clearly an illusion, but a terrifying and marvelous one. Shinichi actually seemed to be there, a giant, perhaps supporting the world on his shoulders. The black part of his hair blended in with the night, but the scarlet tips made a flaming halo around his face. Having come from a land that was dominated by a giant red sun, night and day, it was an odd sight. Shinichi's eyes were red as well, like two small moons in the sky, and they focused on the group by Mrs. Flowers's house. â€Å"Hello,† he said. â€Å"What, you look so surprised? You shouldn't be. I really couldn't let you come back without popping up to say ‘hello.' After all, it's been a long time – for some of you,† the giant face said, grinning. â€Å"Also, of course, to share in the festivities – we've saved little Stefan, and, my, we even fought an oversized chicken to do it.† â€Å"I'd like to see you take Bloddeuwedd on, one on one, and get a secret key out of her nest, at the same time,† Bonnie began indignantly, but stopped when Meredith squeezed her arm. Sage, meanwhile was murmuring something about what his own â€Å"oversized chicken,† Talon, would do if Shinichi were brave enough to show up in person. Shinichi ignored all this. â€Å"Oh, yes, and the mental calisthenics you had to go through. Truly formidable. Well, never again will we mistake you for blunder-headed idiots who never really asked why my sister would give you any clues in the first place, much less clues that Outsiders could understand. I mean† – he leered – â€Å"why not just go and swallow the key in the first place, hmm?† â€Å"You're bluffing,† Meredith said flatly. â€Å"You underestimated us, plain and simple.† â€Å"Maybe,† said Shinichi. â€Å"Or maybe it was something else entirely.† â€Å"You lost,† said Damon. â€Å"I realize that may be an entirely new concept for you, but it's true. Elena has gained much more control over her Powers.† â€Å"But will they work here?† Shinichi smiled eerily. â€Å"Or will they suddenly disappear in the light of a pale yellow sun? Or in the depths of true darkness?† â€Å"Don't let him bait you, Madame,† Sage shouted. â€Å"Your Powers come from a place he cannot enter!† â€Å"Oh, yes, and the renegade. The Rebel's rebel son. I wonder†¦what are you calling yourself this time? Cage? Rage? I wonder what these children will think when they learn who you really are?† â€Å"It won't matter who he is,† Bonnie cried. â€Å"We know that. We know that he's a vampire, but that he can be gentle and kind and he's saved us over and over again.† She shut her eyes, but held her ground against the gale of Shinichi's laughter. â€Å"So ‘Madame,'† Shinichi mocked, â€Å"you think you have gained ‘Sage.' But I wonder if you know what in chess we call a ‘gambit' is? No? Well, I'm sure your intellectual friend will be glad to inform you.† There was a pause. Then Meredith said, with no expression at all, â€Å"A gambit is when a chess player sacrifices something – for instance, a pawn – deliberately – just to get something else. A position on the chessboard that they want, for instance.† â€Å"I knew you'd be able to tell them. What do you think of our first gambit?† Another silence, then Meredith said: â€Å"I presume you mean you've given us back Stefan to achieve something better.† â€Å"Oh, if you only had golden hair – as your friend Elena has so generously displayed.† There were various exclamations on the theme of â€Å"Huh?† – most of them directed at Shinichi, but some at Elena. Who promptly exploded. â€Å"You took Stefan's memories – ?† â€Å"Now, now, nothing so drastic, my dear. But a thirty-meld-a-session beautician – now, she was most cooperative.† Elena turned her gaze up at the giant face with a look of utter contempt. â€Å"You†¦cad.† â€Å"Oh, I'm stricken to the heart.† But the thing was, Shinichi's giant face did look stricken – angry and dangerous. â€Å"Between you, all such close friends: do you know how many secrets there are? Of course, Meredith is a mistress of secrecy, keeping her secrets from her friends all these years. You think you've already pumped her dry, but the best is yet to come. And then, of course, there is Damon's secret.† â€Å"Which if spoken of here and now will mean instant war,† Damon said. â€Å"And you know, it's strange, but I got the feeling that you came here tonight to negotiate.† This time Shinichi's laughter really was a gale, and Damon had to leap behind Meredith to prevent her being knocked into the hole the elevator had made. â€Å"Very gallant,† Shinichi boomed again, shattering glass somewhere on Mrs. Flowers's house. â€Å"But I really must be going. Shall I leave a synopsis of the prizes you still have to search for before your little company can look each other in the eye?† â€Å"I think we already have them. And you are no longer welcome around this home,† Mrs. Flowers said coolly. But Elena's mind was still working. Even standing here, knowing that Stefan needed her, she was searching for the reasons behind this: Shinichi's second gambit. Because she was sure that this was one. â€Å"Where are the pillowcases?† she said in a sharp voice that frightened and bewildered half the group, and simply frightened the rest. â€Å"I was holding one, but then I decided to hold on to Saber instead.† – Sage. â€Å"I had one, at the bottom of the hole, but I dropped it when somebody lifted me out.† – Bonnie. â€Å"I've still got one, although I don't understand what good – † Damon began. â€Å"Damon!† Elena whirled to him. â€Å"Trust me! We've got yours and Sage's safe – what's happening to Bonnie's in the hole?† The moment she had said â€Å"trust me† Damon had dumped his pillowcase on top of Sage's, and by the time she was finished, he had leaped into the hole, which was still so bright with leylight as to hurt any vampire's eyes. But Damon made no complaint. He said, â€Å"I have it safe now – no, wait! A root! A damned root is curled around one of the star balls! Someone toss me a knife, quick!† While everyone else was slapping their pockets for knives, Matt did something that Elena couldn't believe. First he glanced down into the six-foot-deep hole while pointing – a revolver, was it? Yes – she recognized it as the twin of Meredith's. Then without trying to let himself down easily, he simply jumped as Damon had, into the hole. â€Å"DON'T YOU WANT TO KNOW – † roared Shinichi, but no one was paying any attention to him. Matt's jump didn't end lightly as Damon's had. It ended with a gasp and a stifled curse. But Matt didn't waste time; still on his knees, he handed the gun up to Damon. â€Å"Blessed bullets – shoot it!† Damon moved very fast. He didn't even seem to aim. But he must have clicked the safety off and aimed immediately, for the root was now streaking for the soft wall of the hole, its end wrapped tightly around something round. Elena heard two shattering revolver shots; three. Then Damon stooped and picked up a vine-wrapped ball, medium-sized and crystal clear where its true surface could be seen. â€Å"PUT THAT DOWN!† Shinichi's rage was beyond all measure. The two burning red spots of his eyes were like flames – like moons of fire. He seemed to be trying to get them to comply by sheer volume. â€Å"I SAID, DON'T TOUCH THAT WITH YOUR FILTHY HUMAN HANDS!† â€Å"Oh, my God!† gasped Bonnie. Meredith said simply, â€Å"It's Misao's – it has to be. He'd gamble with his own; but not with hers. Damon, hand it up to me, along with the revolver. I bet it's not bulletproof.† She knelt, reaching into the hole. Damon, with a raised eyebrow, did as she said. â€Å"Oh, God,† Bonnie cried, from the edge of the hole. â€Å"Matt's sprained his ankle – at least.† â€Å"I TOLD YOU,† roared Shinichi. â€Å"YOU'LL BE SORRY – â€Å" â€Å"Here,† Damon said to Bonnie, taking not the slightest notice of Shinichi. Without any more ado, he picked up Matt and floated up out of the hole. He deposited the fair-haired boy beside Bonnie, who looked at him with the wide brown eyes of utter confusion. Matt, though, was a Virginian through and through. After swallowing only once, he got out a â€Å"Thank you, Damon.† â€Å"No problem, Matt,† Damon said, and then â€Å"What?† as someone gasped. â€Å"You remembered,† Bonnie cried, â€Å"You remembered his – Meredith!† she broke off, looking at the tall girl. â€Å"The grass!† Meredith, who had been examining the star ball with a strange expression, now tossed the revolver to Damon and tried with her free hand to tear away the grass that had twined around her feet and up her ankles already. But even as she did so, the grass seemed to leap upward and grab her hand, binding it to her feet. And now it was sprouting, growing, racing up her body toward the ball which she held high in the air. At the same time, it was tightening around her chest, forcing air out of her lungs. It all happened so fast that it was only when she gasped, â€Å"Somebody take th' ball,† that the others leaped to her aid. Bonnie was the first to get there, tearing with her fingernails at the greenery that was squeezing Meredith's chest. But each blade was like steel, and she couldn't rip away even one of them. Neither could Matt or Elena. Meanwhile, Sage was trying to lift Meredith bodily – to pluck her from the earth – and having no more success than the rest. Meredith's face, clearly visible in the light still shining from the hole, was going white. Damon snatched the star ball from her fingers just before the tangled greenery running up her arm could reach it. He then began moving literally faster than the human eye could track, never stopping in any one place long enough for any plant to grasp him. But still, the grass around Meredith was tightening. Now her face was turning blue. Her eyes were wide, her mouth open for a breath that would not come. â€Å"Stop it!† Elena screamed at Shinichi. â€Å"We'll give you the star ball! Just let go of her!† â€Å"LET GO OF HER?† Shinichi bellowed laughter. â€Å"MAYBE YOU'D BETTER LOOK TO YOUR OWN INTERESTS FIRST BEFORE ASKING ME A FAVOR.† Wildly, Elena looked around – and saw that grass had almost completely enveloped a kneeling Stefan, who had been too weak to move as quickly as the others had. And he had never made a sound to call attention to himself. â€Å"No!† Elena's desperate scream almost drowned out Shinichi's laughter. â€Å"Stefan! No!† Even knowing it was futile, she threw herself at him and tried to rip the grass away from his thin chest. Stefan simply gave her the faintest of smiles and shook his head sadly. That was when Damon came to a stop. He held the star ball up toward Shinichi's lowering visage. â€Å"Take it!† he shouted. â€Å"Take the ball, damn you, but let the two of them go!† This time the gale of Shinichi's laughter went on and on. A spiral of grass grew from a point beside Damon and an instant later had formed a hideous, shaggy green fist, which almost reached the star ball. But – â€Å"Not yet, my dears,† gasped Mrs. Flowers. She and Matt had come breathlessly from the boardinghouse storage room – Matt limping badly – and they both held what looked like Post-it notes in their hands. The next thing Elena knew, Damon was moving at ferocious speed again, away from the fist, and Matt was slapping a bit of paper on the grass covering Stefan, while Mrs. Flowers did the same to the greenery on Meredith. As Elena watched in disbelief, the grass seemed to melt, dying away into hay-colored blades that fell to the ground. The next moment she was holding Stefan. â€Å"Let's get inside, my dears,† Mrs. Flowers said. â€Å"It's safe in the storage room – the able help the wounded, of course.† Meredith and Stefan were taking great gasping breaths. But Shinichi had the last word. â€Å"Don't you worry,† he said, strangely calm as if he realized he'd lost – for now. â€Å"I'll get that sphere back soon enough. You don't know how to use that kind of Power anyway! And besides all that, I'm going to tell you what you've been hiding from your so-called friends. Just a few secrets, yes?† â€Å"The hell with your secrets,† shouted Bonnie. â€Å"Language, language! How about this: One of you has kept a secret all their life, and is doing so even now. One of you is a murderer – and I am not speaking of a vampire, or a mercy killing, or anything like that. And then there is the question of the true identity of Sage – good luck on your research there! One of you has already had their memory erased – and I don't mean Damon or Stefan. And what about the secret, stolen kiss? And then there is the question of what happened the night of the motel, that it seems that nobody but Elena can recall. You might ask her sometime about her theories about Camelot. And then – â€Å" That was when the sound as loud as Shinichi's giant-sized gales of laughter interrupted him. It tore through the face in the sky, leaving it drooping ridiculously. Then the face disappeared. â€Å"What was that – â€Å" â€Å"Who has the gun – ?† â€Å"What kind of gun could do that to him?† â€Å"One with blessed bullets,† Damon said coolly, showing them the revolver, pointed down. â€Å"You mean you did that?† â€Å"Good for Damon!† â€Å"Forget Shinichi!† â€Å"He is a liar when it suits him, that I can tell you.† â€Å"I think,† Mrs. Flowers said, â€Å"that we can retire to the boardinghouse now.† â€Å"Yeah, and let's go get our baths.† â€Å"Just one last thing.† Shinichi's voice, giant-sized seemed to come from everywhere around them; from the sky, from the earth. â€Å"You're really going to love what I have in mind next for you. If I were you, I'd start negotiating for that star ball right NOW.† But his laughter was off and the muffled feminine sound behind him was almost like crying, as if Misao couldn't help herself. â€Å"YOU'RE GOING TO LOVE IT!† Shinichi insisted in a roar.

Crash Film Critique

Mark Zelayaran English Honors 1A Mrs. Breckheimer. Crash a film critique The film â€Å"Crash† produced and directed by Paul Haggis is a compilation of clever vignettes all throughout the film and for most they undergo some change; however, for the change to occur the film shows the human side of certain characters. The film is a compilation of lives of various characters in a course of a day in the city of Los Angeles. Although racism, discrimination and prejudice is constantly used all throughout the film, Haggis does this bring the message across that â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving†¦acknowledges..The intolerant are human†¦ rage fuels itself and redoubles† (Denby). Scott makes the argument that Crash is â€Å"full of heart and devoid of life†; however, Denby’s claims that Crash â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving† and â€Å"acknowledges.. The intolerant are human†¦ rage fue ls itself and redoubles† are evident all throughout the film. The film starts off with two white police officers- Officer John Ryan and Officer Tom Hansen. Haggis has built the character Officer Ryan as an intolerant and angry individual who takes his rage out on others.A fine example of Officer Ryan’s rage fueling itself and redoubling would be when he called his father’s HMO, â€Å"I keep telling you my father is in pain†¦ What does my father do about sleeping tonight? I don’t know I’m not a doctor. I wanna talk to your supervisor. I am my supervisor. Yeah, what's your name? Shaniqua Johnson. Shaniqua, Big fucking surprise that is! † Shortly after, he pulls over an African American couple, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, and proceeds to search them, knowing that their car isn’t the one that’s been stolen.He proceeds to search the couple especially the wife in a crude manner. It’s clear to see in that scene tha t he has no regard for the people whom he holds his anger against. It is evident that what denby claims that â€Å"anger fuels itself and redoubles†. As Denby goes on to say, â€Å"The intolerant are also human, taking this in mind, this ideology can apply to Officer Ryan when his previous supervisor said â€Å"I’m anxious to understand how an obvious bigot could’ve through the department for seventeen years.Eleven of which he was under my personal supervision†, it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that officer Ryan experienced a moment of weakness and the need to take his rage upon others. On the other hand In the case of Officer Hansen, he is portrayed as a young police officer starting out his career in the force and following the lead of his senior officer; however, Officer Hansen tries to not become like his fellow officer Ryan. Boundaries are stretched and become intensely moving in the belief that Officer Hansen tries to hold to be true.A fine scen e to prove that â€Å"boundaries are stretched and becomes intensely moving† would be in when Officer Hansen lets Cameron Thayer off with a â€Å"harsh warning† even when Cameron Thayer was held at gun point and making threatening gestures towards the police officers. Haggis gives an insight of how the police department functions; therefore, he balances the film by giving the perspective of civilians. The film begins to transition to the black couple that was pulled over, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, were harassed by Officer Ryan.Cameron and Christine are victims of the rage from a police officer. Cameron is mostly affected by the harassment from Officer Ryan and as Christine would put it â€Å"When that man was putting his hands on me†¦ I can’t believe you let him do that, baby†¦ I was humiliated for you†¦I just couldn’t stand to see that man take away your dignity†. Cameron has been deeply affected by her words and begins l oathe himself and challenges the police to defend his dignity, and the only way Cameron can do this act is through rage being fueled within him and doubling.Cameron is chased by the Los Angeles police department, an act a man of his socioeconomic stature would never dream of doing, and after being cornered Cameron demands Anthony to leave his car and Anthony replies, â€Å"if you’re so brave why don’t you leave?! †. As Cameron steps out the car and faces the police officers he begins to say insults such as â€Å"Yeah that’s what you look like a fucking joke†. It is evident in this turn of events that Cameron’s rage for himself doubles and begins to take it out on others.The boundaries of law and order are stretched are when Officer Hansen lets him go with a â€Å"harsh warning†, and not turning over Anthony to the police when he had an opportunity to. Towards the end when Cameron tells Anthony â€Å"you embarrass me, you embarrass yo urself†, Cameron realizes that although Anthony tried to car jack him, Anthony is still human and is living a life that is a mistake. Although Cameron’s rage for himself doubled and was only fueled by itself, at the end Cameron choose to stretch the boundaries and proving that intolerant indeed are human through his actions of letting go of Anthony.The film tries to show a somewhat humorous side of the racism, prejudice, and stereotypes that Haggis creates, and it’s done through Anthony. Anthony blames his position in society due to the upper class keeping him there, while Peter simply tries to laugh it off and doesn’t see it that way. The issue between these two characters is the issue of anger. Because once again Denby proves that â€Å"rage fuels itself and redoubles†, when Anthony and Peter are walking down the street and see a white couple [Rick Cabot and Jean Cabot] and as soon as Jean notices both Anthony and peter [his partner in crime], she grabs her husband’s arm.Of course Anthony would notice this and begins to complain, â€Å"Look around! You couldn't find a whiter, safer or better lit part of this city. But this white woman sees two black guys, who look like UCLA students, strolling down the sidewalk and her reaction is blind fear. I mean, look at us! Are we dressed like gang-bangers? Huh? No. Do we look threatening? No. Fact, if anybody should be scared around here, it's us: We're the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the triggerhappy LAPD.So you tell me, why aren't we scared? â€Å" Anthony’s claim is justified in his eyes and begins to use that same hate against society towards the white couple. The rage and contempt Anthony has for society is taken out on this white couple who represent everything Anthony hates and wishes to overcome. Anthony is filled with rage because of his position in society and he stretches boundaries because of this. A fine example of Anthony stretching boundaries and being intensely moving would be when Anthony encounters Cameron.Anthony even claimed he would never rob from another black man, but he went back on his word thus stretching his own boundary when he attempted to rob him. When the Cameron tells Anthony â€Å"you embarrass me, you embarrass yourself†, in this moving statement Anthony finally takes the bus shortly afterwards once again stretching his own boundaries again, even after claiming he would never take a bus. Haggis puts not only Anthony but other characters through extremes to show the human side of these characters and make them beyond the typecast that some would assume them to be.Haggis puts certain characters through an extreme ordeal and once that character overcomes that ordeal, he or she therefore goes through a transformation. Scott would claim these transformations are â€Å"full heart and devoid of life†; however, the transformations certain characters go through is a necessity to show that the characters are real people. Such as the case of Officer Ryan, his transformation or rather his realization occurred when he saved Christine from a car that was about to explode. As Christine screamed â€Å" Get away from me! Stay away from me!†¦ Don’t touch me!Somebody anybody else, Not you! † it is clear on Officer Ryan’s face that he realizes what he did was on a larger scale than he previously thought. Or even in the case of Anthony after he refused all throughout the film to even take a bus, needless to say, Anthony did end up taking the bus back home after Cameron gave him those intense words. Even in the case of Cameron when he had to challenge the Los Angeles police department to prove himself and attempted to gain back his dignity through means of rage; however, it wasn’t until after he realized his actions and gave those words to Anthony.All in all, transformations, some more extreme than others, a re a necessity in Crash because it shows a human side to the intolerant. All throughout the film it shows characters that are full of emotion and personality; however, to claim to be â€Å"full of heart and devoid of life†(Scott) is a shortcoming, at best. The film is compiled in a way that the lives of twelve characters or so are compiled into one day of interactions and obstacles. To be full of heart means to be full of tugs at heartstrings or other words dramatic, and to be devoid of life is the characters do not portray real people.Scotts claim is presumptuous because if one were to look at the film closely it jumps around characters. Crash takes place in a period of one day in Los Angeles and it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that prejudice, racism, and discrimination all take place every day. Also, one must also take into consideration that Crash contains characters with real and moving personalities and is intensely moving, and without characters to connect to the fi lm would not be moving. As Officer Ryan, Anthony, and Cameron all show the trials and tribulations some may face. In reality, what Scott claims to be â€Å"full of eart and devoid of life† is invalid because he is making a quick judgment of how the characters face the obstacles and never takes into consideration of how much time has passed. In conclusion, Denby’s claims are evident because it shows a human side to the intolerant in the film and also proving that rage only fuels itself and doubles. Haggis uses typecasts to his advantage in proving Denby correct that Crash â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving† and â€Å"acknowledges.. The intolerant are human†¦ rage fuels itself and redoubles†. The characters may fall into typecasts but don’t completely succumb to them.As in the case for Officer Ryan, Cameron, and Anthony all go through transformations of extreme means proving that the intolerant are human and rage does fuel itself and doubles. However, this transformation can only be done by stretching boundaries and becoming intensely moving. Scott is disproven because of the fact that all these twelve or so characters are put together through a course of one day; therefore, extreme sides of each are seen one or twice a day. All in all, Crash is a film of racism, transformation, prejudice, stretching boundaries, and acknowledging that the intolerant are human.

K+12 System in the Philippines Essay

A pleasant welcome to all of you, my dear listeners. So many years passed by, many changes undergo. Just like what the Department of Education implemented. It is the New Curriculum called K-12 Education System under the administration of the President Benigno Ninoy Aquino III. Basically, the K-12 System includes the universal kindergarten 6 years of elementary, 4 years of junior high school with an additional 2 years for senior high school.Top of Form This is to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. According to the survey of World Bank Philippines had highest youth unemployment rate. For this would provide time for students to stabilize acquired academic skills and competencies. The curriculum will allow specializations in science and technology, music and arts, agriculture and most importantly, the system aims to fully enhance and develop the students in order for them to be well-prepared especially in emotional and psychological aspects. Through this, graduates will be able to face the pressures of their future workplaces and the high school graduates can also pursue their education outside the country. There were so many questions out there like Where will the additional two years be added? Why is the K to 12 program better than the current program? What would be the assurance that K to 12 graduates will be employed? How will the K to 12 program help students intending to pursue higher education? And others. This are some concerns for most of us, people who live in this society. Answers are given based on the article that the Department of Education released. Agencies that helped the P-Noy Administration has a lot of things to do, and we should all thank them, to those who compose Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education, and Technical Education Skills Development Authority along with every individuals and groups that have assisted us in attaining this victory. Again, thank you and as what the President of the Philippines said. â€Å"Today is the beginning of enduring change.†

Jaws Essay

Paragraph 1 Introduction: What is the film called: Jaws Who directed it: Steven Speilbeig What is it about: It is about a shark attack Where is it, when is it set: Amity Island New England, 4th July Why is it set 4th July: It is set on the 4th of July because on that date most Americans gather around and spend time with their famlies and go out to the beach will close then families can’t go to the beach. Paragraph 2 Music: Describe how the shark is connected to the music in the title sequence: You can almost visualize the deadly shark coming closer and closer as you hear the drum beating in the background getting faster and faster, louder and louder beating like a steadily-rising heart rate; ready to attack his prey. Give two other examples of how the music or silence is used to scare the audience or build tension: When the loud music plays it get exciting, but before the music start to being fast and loud its very low making it not as exciting but tension building, so the tension and excitment is good, and as it builds up get faster and faster the audience knows that something is going to happen gives it a dramtic effect. Paragraph 3 Camera techniques: Describe the second attack in detail and say how the camera was used to help build up tension and scare the audience:The second attack is when all the children are playing on the sea whilst there parents watch, sunbathing, on the beach and Brody is doing his job sat looking out for anything suspicious because of the previous attack. The shark then attacks the young boy. The camera angles build up tension because it goes beneath the water and makes it seem like it’s from the sharks’ point of view and when it was attacking it went from a distance so you could see all the people’s faces and just how exactly he was attacked.