Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair Article

Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair - Article Example Simulator models are effective in environments that are risk-free in training skills. The models also help to improve the safety of the patients in radiology training. The Board of surgery in America has made it mandatory for surgeon trainees to undergo a simulation test before taking the summative examination. It will become an essential tool for medical practitioners just as it is for pilots (Levine, 2013: Collins, & Stern, 2008). Researchers are looking for ways of integrating technology and knowledge from areas like surgery and anesthesia to the field of radiology. Paige argues that many programmes of teaching prefer having residents to learn with simulators for time maximization with patients. Simulation aids residents in developing confidence when it comes to dealing with infrequent events that are critical. Simulation can be well merged with interventional radiology (IR) given that IR is procedural (Pasler, 1992: Patel & Joseph, 2012: Bessemer & Myers, 1998). After internalizing basic skills like tying knots, residents can advance to use of virtual reality machines which stimulate procedures like selective arterial catheterization. Embolism is one of the events that can arise and it can be dealt with through simulation. Training by simulation has performed a major role in reliability and performance improvement in radiology and medical organizations by reduction of human factors. Simulation focuses on decision making, training of clinical teams, safety of patients and management of errors. The training of teams is viewed in a multi-disciplinary way. It should be able to respond to the changing radiology environment. Advancements in teamwork have resulted to high job satisfaction, high efficiency, increased productivity and safer ways of patient care. Simulation, when integrated in radiology programmes helps to train and acts as a remedy to limited

RNCOA Mission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

RNCOA Mission - Essay Example Academy staff, faculty members, and Small Group Leaders are effective in managing, leading and changing our Signal students to adapt to an ever-changing technological world. Our highly educated and motivated Small Group Leaders, who embody the warrior ethos, must be confident, competent decision makers, prudent risk takers, effective communicators, innovative, adaptive, professionally educated, and dedicated to the life-long learning process of our Signal ALC/SLC students. The Signal Noncommissioned Officer Academy staff and faculty must be equipped with the technical adeptness to employ modern computer systems and training to World Class proficiency, capable of strategic responsiveness, and the ability to dominate various technologies across the full spectrum of operations. To Fulfill our Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦We are committed to a strong and comprehensive World Class educational program and learning environment which enhances self-esteem provides and develops positive community role models, optimize each Signal NCO’s potential, develops a lifelong love of learning, builds personal responsibility, and accentuates individual respect. Fundamental to our Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Is a commitment to the of a competent and caring Academy staff, teamwork, shared leadership, effective management of resources, and a safe and orderly learning environment for our Signal NCOs. We pride ourselves on our dedication to our students, their families, our community, our professions, each other, and to continuous learning.  

Reasons for Jackson's Implementation of the Indian Solution Term Paper

Reasons for Jackson's Implementation of the Indian Solution - Term Paper Example Mississippi state and the western segment of Alabama will be relieved of Indian tenancy, and permit those States to progress swiftly in population, wealth, and power (Mark p134). The Indians were denied immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions; will retard the advancement of crumble, which is shrinking their statistics, and possibly cause them progressively, beneath the defense of the administration and through the influence of superior advice, to shed off their savage practice and develop into an interesting, cultured, and Christian society. These results, some of them so firm and others so possible, make the absolute implementation of the plan sanctioned by Congress at their last session an object of much solicitude. Impacts of Jackson destroying the National bank According to Terry, Bilhartz and Alan (106), in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announced that the government will no longer use the country's national bank. He then used his executive control to eliminate all national finances from the bank, in the ultimate round of what is referred to as the "Bank War." A national bank initially formed by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton in 1791 to dole out as a central repository for national finances. The Second Bank of the United States was founded in 1816; five years after this first bank's contract had run out. Conventionally, the bank had been managed by a board of directors with ties to industry and processing, and thus was partial towards the modern and developed northern states. Jackson, the embodiment of frontiersman, railed against the bank's deficient of financial support for development into the unsettled Western regions. Jackson also protested against the bank's uncommon political and economic power and to the lack of congressional oversight over its business dealings. Jackson, known as obstinate and bestial but a man of the ordinary people demanded for an inquiry into the bank's policies and political agenda as soon as he settled in to the White House in March 1829. To Jackson, the institution signified how a fortunate class of businessmen oppressed the will of the common Americans. He made it plain to confront the legality of the bank, much to the dismay of its cohorts. In rejoinder, the bank’s director, Nicholas Biddle, loosened his personal political power, spinning to affiliates of Congress, as well as the influential Kentucky Senator Henry Clay and leading businessmen sympathetic to the bank, to fight Jackson (Williams p 168). According to Hoffmann (44), shortly that year, Jackson presented his case against the bank in a speech to Congress; to his vexation, its members commonly agreed that the bank was certainly legal. Still, debate over the bank remained for the subsequent three years. In 1932, the troublesomeness resulted to a crack in Jackson's cabinet and, that similar year, the pigheaded president prohibited an attempt by Congress to make a new agreement for the bank. All of this occurred through Jackson's proffer for re-election; the bank's prospect was the central spot of a harsh political campaign between the Democratic

The Political Economy of Permanent Crisis in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

The Political Economy of Permanent Crisis in the Philippines Essay In a world where competition gets tougher and tighter, it does not pay to play around and settle with typical and average situations. It is not valuable that we settle for anything less. Hence, it is necessary that we improve on what we got and acquire some assets that we do not possess. However, looking on the Philippine context, statistics prove that we lag behind some countries; more disappointingly, behind some countries which were once at the bottom before. How did this happen? History may give the answers but what matters is how the government approached the dilemmas the country was facing few years back. Chapter Six of the book, â€Å"The Anti-Development State: The Political Economy of Permanent Crisis in the Philippines† by Walden Bello talks about â€Å"unsustainable development.† Sustainable development; what could this mean? As defined in the book, â€Å"sustainable development† is the development that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The chapter then discussed about environmental concerns in relevance with the economic policies. Economic activities cannot be separated from the environment since we get resources from the environment in order to produce goods or services that we use up for economic purposes and to supply the necessities of people. Walden Bello takes up the mining and logging industry when both were at their peak. On mining industry, the government was almost over-the-top generous on offering various incentives to multinational corporations for them to extract the country’s vast mineral resources. However, the side-effect of this, on the other hand, was that the indigenous people living within the area of the mine sites involved were eventually out of the government’s concern, consideration, and protection. The situation sets the fact that the indigenous people’s community and welfare were unmercifully ignored. The government focused on improving and strengthening the mining sector for future capital inflow that the benefit and well-being of the indigenous people were disregarded. Would the inflow of money really be used for public necessities? Or would it be kept in the pockets of some few privileged elites? Going now to the logging industry, there was a time when this sector boomed and the Philippines had become the fifth-largest exporter of timber in the world market. Of course, the government was obviously overwhelmed when some logger-turned-politicians gained control over the logging industry and granted special considerations, and exemptions to â€Å"legitimized illegal logging† (as referred to by former DENR Sec. Victor Ramos). Soon after, more and more trees were cut and abused. Although the Department of National Resources (DENR) tried to secure and protect the trees, their power was not enough. Illegal loggers became aggressive to the point where they would kill DENR rangers that would stop them. Loggers got off delirious because the government tolerated the act of cutting trees that had become widely â€Å"legitimately illegal.† As said in the chapter, â€Å"environmental equilibrium and economic strategy were simply in contradiction.† Sustainable development needs balance. Implementing economic policies for economic interests is a necessity; but having them to tolerate environmental degradation could get things worse. That instead of sustaining development, abuse of natural resources may mean halting of progress. Speaking of progress, there are several causes that brings a country to the bottom; or worse, to a downfall; although there is this one popular factor affecting and/or hindering development which is the trendy corruption. Whether be it a petty one, or ratchet corruption, still they contribute to the economic stagnation of the country. But can we really blame our slow growth with this factor? Chapter seven tackles about corruption and poverty with the idea that it is not corruption per se that causes poverty and economic stagnation. With the latter, the chapter brings up the cases of crony capitalism evident in some administrations especially during the presidency of Joseph Estrada. The bottom-line of the chapter lies with the idea that underdevelopment of the Philippines must not be blamed wholly on corruption; but it is with the ruling elite groups having control over the market, resources, some people, and others. Specifically, crony capitalism enters the scenario. During the reign of Joseph Estrada, transactions involving him and some wealthy personalities and public officials were the reasons that brought his supremacy down. Discussed in the chapter were Estrada’s four notorious cronies namely: Lucio Tan, Mark Jimenez, Dante Tan, and Danding Cojuangco. Obviously, these four people were Estrada’s friends; and what do friends do? They support and help each other. Just like what these cronies did for Estrada, they gave him support through providing him cash, campaign arrangement, political connections, and other contributions for his campaign. Of course, for a friend that has been given big things, the debt of gratitude comes next, or what we call, â€Å"utang na loob†. True enough, we cannot really get rid of that attitude of ours since we Filipinos value â€Å"pakikisama†. Back to Estrada, as a great friend, he gave them something in return. Estrada used his powers as a mortal supreme being to repay his crony friend s. He gave them what they wanted. Just like what happened to his first listed friend, Lucio Tan. Lucio Tan, back then, was charged with a tax evasion case. It was one of the biggest tax evasion case in the Philippine’s history. Yes, talk about Php 25 billion. Hearing this, Estrada declared his intention on abolishing the government agency responsible for going after the people with ill-gotten wealth. Getting away with your wrongdoings because of a connection; smart thinking, Mr. Lucio. Another issue involving Lucio Tan, as the owner of Philippine Airlines (PAL), was when he suspended the flights between Philippines and Taiwan because of his accusation that Taiwan’s China Airlines and EVA Airways are stealing the passengers of PAL by implementing lower prices. Lucio Tan accused them of violating the passenger quotas in a bilateral air-services agreement. With the suspension, PAL was able to acquire more passengers. Well, good for PAL. But on the other hand, the suspension meant some diplomatic argument between PH and Taiwan. Just so happened during that time, PH depended on Taiwan for jobs, trade, and tourists. Unfortunately, the suspension was not really of a well-timed move to exasperate the country that we rely upon. Another friend was Mark Jimenez. Mark was charged of several accounts of fraud, tax evasion, and illegal campaign contribution in the US. As he heard of the news, Mark pushed himself in the circle of Estrada. As a friend, again, Estrada said he would take care of the situation; a friend to the rescue, indeed. At some point, Mark Jimenez was also a great broker back then. He was described as a â€Å"corporate genius† by the former president. Surely, they did things for each other; whether be it legal or illegal, right or wrong. Dante Tan, however, was one of the identified depositors in the famous â€Å"Jose-Velarde† account. Dante got caught up with issue on Best World (BW) controversy. BW experienced a strange share-price increase that led for an investigation. However, the very good friend himself, Joseph Estrada, became a hero once more from saving the face of Jimenez. Estrada told the investigators to clear the name of Jimenez; and that was it, another name saved. It was another getaway from a transgression. Lastly, the final friend and crony listed was Danding Cojuangco. During Marcos’ regime, he made Danding as the director of the Philippine Coconut Administration (PCA), meaning, as appointed in a powerful position, Danding could make use of the funds from the said government agency. Danding used the funds of PCA to be able to invest to few corporations making the public funds turn into private ones. He successfully managed to own one of his precious possessions, the San Miguel Corporation, which was allegedly bought through the PCA funds. Another issue with Danding was the matter on land reform. Cojuangco tried to control various lands while assumingly giving up his claims as a landowner; all of these possible because of Estrada’s lavish support to his friend. Tying and combining all of the cases above, it is safe to assume that Estrada has been a corrupt official. Tolerating all the bribery and fraud, shamefully as the most powerful public official whom must be the one showing examples as a good citizen. Cronies of Estrada were undoubtedly good friends to him; and so was he. He received praises as an outstanding friend; of course, from the four cronies he had. He might actually get an award as the â€Å"Best Friend of the Year† award, if there is one. Being a great, helpful, and generous buddy is totally superb and fantastic. Helping is not bad, nor is being generous kind not either. But there are limits that one must know upon giving in to something immoral and illegal. True enough that the cases above were brought about by cronyism and corruption; few factors adding up to the causes of underdevelopment. Philippine’s stagnation has been heavily acquainted with corruption; a fact. Even so, corruption has been the evil word being associated with the country’s poor description. Ask anyone on what causes Philippine’s underdevelopment, I would not even put the effort on asking since I know that almost everyone would answer, corruption. Truth is, corruption cannot be removed in a snap, nor it cannot be eradicated at all. Corruption is not some litter that can be swept off and be dissolved forever, but corruption is somewhat a permanent phenomenon. The only way to fight it is probably to minimize it and prevent it from happening. Nonetheless, we are not living in a perfect world. We cannot monitor everyone in this country if they are doing anything illegal and if they are being corrupt. My point is, petty corruption may be almost anywhere and somewhat unnoticeable. The important thing is we must be able to minimize and control ratchet corruption, as it is being associated with big sums of money that will have an effect over the country’s growth. Whatever it may be, still, corruption is illegitimate as for it promotes interests only for private gains. And whatever Estrada and his cronies did, they contributed to the country’s economic underdevelopment. Although we always blame corruption for poverty and economic stagnation, is it fair enough that we point to corruption per se as the whole sinner for this tumbled economy? In the same chapter, Bello also points out that economic stagnation cannot just be attributed to corruption and cronyism. He brought up cases linked with our country’s neighbors as being developed even though they have high statistics on corruption cases. An example given was South Korea. South Korea also experienced extensive corruption and yet their country grew and grew until now. The argument is, if some corrupt countries are able to attain growth and development, maybe corruption is not the key cause of economic stagnation. As stated, Jens Chr. Andvig and Odd-Helge Fjeldstad, Brunetti, Kisunku, Weder in 1997, and Paldam in 1999, surveyed econometric studies testing the relationship between corruption and economic growth. In their survey, they found out that GDP growth is insignificant. Although some of them said that a country is corrupt because it is poor. Going back to basics and as stated in the chapter, corruption is generally defined to be the misuse of public resources by a public agent for private gains. The view taken from the chapter says that wrong behaviors of the elites are the primary reasons why the Philippines remains to be a weak state. Our country seems to be experiencing â€Å"anarchy of families† (as stated by Alfred McCoy and termed by anthropologist Robert Fox). Due to the ruling class and other abusive and opportunistic elites, they have been dominating the state using their social power and money. As the elites being influential in the country, they have their ways on protecting and getting their interests against the public interests of the state. The disappointing part is that the state has been continuously tolerating and serving these elites through providing them their private interests. As a result, the state’s autonomy weakened because the public resources were privatized and benefitted elite families. The government could no longer fight against these families due to the fact that a weak state has already been existing and elites are the ones being strengthened. It is an awfully bad combination that the country has strong elite families and a weak state wherein few elite families are enjoying the privatization of public resources while the state’s resources are weakening. Now, as to connect the latter with the pointed out root of the state’s stagnation which is corruption, it all trickles down to the idea that both of these are the factors why the Philippines lags behind neighbor countries. But as to slightly defend corruption, Walden Bello suggests and emphasizes that corruption is not the real cause of poor Philippines; rather it is the weak state and the abusive elites. The thing is, people tend to not consider the underlying cause of the state’s problem. Some ignorant people are likely focusing on the proximate causes and not on the ultimate cause which is why the approach on the problem has not been pretty much pragmatic and somehow progress is not really achieved. Walden Bello again pressed the issue on corruption vis-à  -vis the ruling elites when he stated in the chapter that these elite families are using corruption as an escape goat and weapon with the hope that they may take over the power of the public officials and to have something to blame for the country’s economic stagnation. As a result, we keep on blaming corruption as the sole problem of our state’s underdevelopment. Our minds are focused on this target that we do not consider anymore the root cause of our problem. It is stated in the chapter that â€Å"the idea that we are poor because we are corrupt is conceptually and empirically flawed.† That idea has been used to strengthen the power of local elites and empower the neoliberal thought including privatization and deregulation, which are in favor of the ruling elites. In conclusion, Bello stated that what the state needs for development is â€Å"not less, but more state.† This is to give importance of the state’s supremacy over the elites. This means that the weak state must be transformed to a strong state by realizing the greater autonomy of the state than the little prowess of the elites. Strategies on attaining sustainable development must be done accordingly. Taking in consideration some of the points given above, it is strongly clear that the state must act on the emergence of the upper class. Given the fact that the Americans have inculcated in the Philippines their pattern of a weak central authority which in turn gives power to the upper class and prevented, eventually, a developed state, this means that the Philippines had adapted a system in what we call, the â€Å"EDSA System,† as described by Bello. EDSA System is democratic in the sense that it makes the electoral procedure as its weapon for political success. Still, politics in the Philippines are well-dominated by the elite and upper class people and somehow manipulating and sabotaging the Philippines’ developmental system. Lessons from reading the chapters given above have brought about the idea that the political and economic development of the Philippines was worsened over the past years especially through the EDSA System. However, the very fact this book was published is to bring together some analysis supported with historical facts that would create some valid suggestions on letting in development in the Philippines. In the end, Philippines’ developmental plans must proceed to its maximum ability and have an alternative political economy that would boost the political and economic sectors. Build up the strong state and minimize the elites’ powers. The way out of national impasse is not far from possible; that is, unless, if we move the EDSA system out of the Philippines’ political economy.

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay Over the last two decade there has been an unprecedented boom in the Irish construction industry in road infrastructure. It has become a common sight on Irish roads to see countless Lorries carrying materials to these sites ranging from crushed rock, sand, gravel and tarmac. At present these materials are formed from primary aggregates. The use of these primary materials reduces the natural resources of existing quarries. An alternative to this, is the use of borrow pits which will help in the supply of materials requirements both in general fill and aggregates which may help to avoid the use of reserves from established quarries which will help increase the lifespan of these quarries. As with the supply of material, borrow pits could also be used for recycling purposes also because most jobs would have inert materials that would have to be discarded of site to landfill. The term borrow pit is generally utilized by the Contractor when a project requires a larger amount of fill material versus amount of usable material obtained from cut sections. Borrow pits are typically located next to the construction site, and in the ideal situation are soon backfilled with waste materials, such as soft clay, that often have to be removed from the construction area hence the material excavated is borrowed. Normally, large quantities of material, mainly bulk fill, are required over a short time. The author first became involved in the construction of road infrastructure during the construction of the N18 N19 Ballycasey to Dromland Dual Carriageway in early 2000 where there was a lot of import material brought into to the job from nearby quarries and materials that had to go to landfill. From the authors initial research and work experience on various road jobs it was apparent that the use of borrow pits to provide an alternative source of material would be a worthy dissertation topic and that the knowledge gained would be invaluable for future use. Hypothesis The key question that this dissertation will address is Could the use of Borrow pits in the construction of the road network be a benefit Aim To determine if Borrow pits can provide the necessary quality material required for the construction of roads and also provide alternative options for the disposal of inert waste produced on sites other than to landfill. Outline of chapters This dissertation is structured into and comprises of six chapters, which are briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the dissertation. Its shows the particular reasons why this topic was chosen. This chapter also outlines the aim, objectives and hypothesis of the dissertation. In chapter 2, the methodologies used to research the topic are discussed. It provides a review of both the primary and the secondary sources utilized for gathering information and the limitations encountered in carrying out the research are also discussed. In chapter 3 outlines the work that is required to ascertain if borrow pits are up to providing the material necessary for the construction of roads. It also looks at site investigation and soil testing. Chapter 2 Research Methodology Introduction This chapter outlines the methods of research which were adopted in relation to the fieldwork research for this dissertation. It explains in detail the various methods of data collection that were used, indicating the methods of primary and secondary data collection methods and any limitations encountered during the research are highlighted. Research Process The proposal for my dissertation began to materialise when looking back on my previous working experiences in the construction industry. One of the main areas of the authors work was involved in road construction. During the initial research the author investigated on the availability of information for his topic and when satisfied, proceeded to expand on this proposal. There was a medium volume of primary and secondary data available for this topic and also from the authors work experience there was a readily available source of primary data. Sources of Information Primary Sources Naoum (2007, p20) states that Primary literature is the most accurate source of information as it publishes original research The author sourced valuable primary information from Conferences, Reports, Government Publications, (for example NRA) and information from his work experiences. Secondary Naoum (2007, p20) states that Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as textbooks and newspaper articles The subject of recycling and waste management in the construction is very topical at the present and the author was able to gather a substantial amount of information through secondary sources. The internet played a vital part in the collection of information. Through this median the majority of information was researched. As well as the internet other sources of secondary information was gathered from Publications/Reports Trade Journal and magazines Textbooks The text books on the subject where sourced through the LIT and GMIT libraries . Literature Review Once the literature search was completed a literature review was carried out to choose which material was most relevant to the dissertation. All this literature was placed in a literature file. Much of the material which was web based was stored on a computer file and was not printed out. Research Limitations The author found that he was unfortunately limited as there were not a lot of books published on certain past of the chosen topic. This meant a lot more time was spent searching the internet for information required for the various chapters. Borrow Pit Selection Introduction There a number of factor in the selection of a potential borrow pits Pantouvakis et al said the overall objective in selecting a borrow pit is to determine the most economical and technically efficient location with the minimal impact. the next activity is to establish which are the best sites to develop. The main influences that have to be evaluated include: Technical Considerations Economic Considerations Social and Environmental Considerations A summary of all the main factors to be taken into account is presented in Figure 4.1. This Figure illustrates the large number of potential influences and their interrelationship. The decision to develop one material source rather than an alternative will often require engineering judgement in order to adequately balance the technical, economic, social and environmental considerations. This Section provides guidelines for carrying out an evaluation of technical considerations and presents an introduction to economic influences. Detailed consideration of economic influences associated with developing a material supply strategy for sections of road are reviewed in Section 9. The detailed review of potential social and environmental impacts associated with material resource development is also presented separately, in Section 11. Borrow Pit Site Investigation Introduction Site investigations are primarily carried out in order to establish reliable estimates of the quantities, quality and processing needs of potential road building materials. Quigley For road projects, a principal aim of the site investigation is to classify the suitability of the soils in accordance with Table 6 / 1 from Series 600 of the NRA Specification for Road Works (SRW), March 2000 see appendix A The design of the site investigation must consider the following factors: How much material is required? The investigation should concentrate on identifying sufficient workable material to supply expected requirements. The method of site investigation will probably be influenced by the availability of suitable resources (plant and test equipment). The hardness of the deposits may dictate the method of investigation. The depth and nature of overburden deposits may influence choice of investigation methods (this can be seen later on in the chapter). Borrow pit ground investigations should be carried out at regular intervals across the site. It is recommended that the depth of overburden, and the characteristics and thickness of the workable deposit is investigated on the basis of a 30 m to 50 m square grid. This distance should only be widened if the site is very large and the materials very similar at each test location. Unexpected changes in the ground profile should be examined locally by making additional intermediate investigation sites in the grid. A site plan of each borrow pit to be investigated should be prepared, showing: The main features of the site. The means of access and the pit location with respect to haul road placement for extraction. The location of each site been investigated and investigation borehole should be logged using modern GPS or similar devices. This information will be important when you go to work out the quantity of the resources in each potential site been looked at. This process will be looked at further on in this chapter. Desk top study A desk top study is one of the first steps undertaken when you look at a potential site because it can provide you information already available about a site. (Simons et al, 2002). Within the construction industry, desk studies are well know but are an under-used method of gathering and assessing existing information about a site. Desk studies generally include a visual inspection of the site and its surrounding area (usually called a walkover survey). The desk study examines and draws together existing information from a variety of sources to form an initial appraisal of possible ground conditions. A good starting point is to use OS maps. These allow the site to pin pointed and an accurate grid reference to be obtained. This permits much more accurate references on the geological maps used later, which can be got from the Geological Survey of Ireland, which show existing geological records for the area and also historical maps could be a help. The walk-over survey of a site can give valuable insight into potential ground condition problems (for example slope instability or shallow groundwater) and contamination issues (revealed for example by vegetation dieback). On site visit, local resident can often provide information on groundwater and sources of raw material in the area. The combination of the desk study and the walk-over survey is an extremely cost effective first stage in an investigation. It provides early warning of pote ntial problems and a sound basis for the scope of subsequent, more detail investigation which may follow. The desk study and walk-over survey can also provide early recognition of site issues such as ecology and archaeology which may have implications on site selection. Traditional Ground investigation methods There are number of different types of ground investigation methods available on the market and we will look at some of the most common method used. Trial Pits. Boreholes investigation, Light Percussion Boreholes. Rotary Drill holes. Geophysical Seismic Refraction Method. Electrical Resistivity Method Trial Pits Trial pits are predominantly carried out using mechanical excavators which will give information of the ground while the digging is taking place. Throughout the process photos are taken of the ground conditions and samples of material Quigley (typically 30kg for engineering performance tests) are also taken are specified ground depths. Depending on the excavators reach this will determine depth or if bedrock is reached, Cat 320D digging depth is up to 6.690m (Caterpillar 320D brochures). All field work is carried out in accordance with BS5930.1999. Figure Picture of Trial Pit operation. (Source www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Figure Pictures of samples taken (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) (Quigley) points out that A suitably experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist should supervise the trial pitting works and recovery of samples. It is important that all trial pits are backfilled after testing is completed. See appendix 2 for example of Trial Pit log. Borehole Investigation Light Percussion Boreholes (Shell and Auger) Light percussion boreholes or otherwise known as Shell and Auger boring can be used in all types of soils and is mainly used for depths exceeding that of an excavator. The rig consists of an engine powered winch and tripod frame that is easily collapsed for towing behind a four wheel drive vehicle. The boreholes are usually 150 to 200 mm in diameter and steel casing is typically required throughout most of the hole. Boreholes of 20 to 30m depth are commonly bored in suitable soils, however in mixed soil, depths can vary samples should be taken at ( Quigley) 1.00m intervals or change of strata. See figure 3 for example of rig in working position. Figure Light percussion boreholes rig (Sourced www.southerntesting.co.uk) Boring is achieved by repeatedly dropping an auger, consisting of a steel tube, to the bottom of the borehole. In sands and gravels a valve is fitted to the lower end of the tube to trap the material entering it, this is a shell or sand auger. Any large stones or small boulders encountered can be broken up with a heavy chiselling tool. Large disturbed samples may be obtained, but below the water table the washing action of the shell may remove some of the fine material from sand and gravel deposits. Attachments to the rig allow the use of light rotary drilling equipment that will enable limited investigation of the characteristics of any bedrock encountered. See figure 4. Figure Attachments for light rotary drilling (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Rotary Drill Boreholes Rotary drill rigs come in a variety of sizes from small skid mounted machines to large truck mounted machines. See Figure 5. They use a rotary action combined with downward force to grind away the material in which the hole is made. The primary use of rotary drilling techniques is to investigate rock quality by taking core samples. However, rotary drilling rigs can be used for non core drilling. A destructive tricone (rock roller) drill bit is generally used to advance a non-coring hole. Only the rate of advance and characteristics of the cuttings flushed to the surface by the drilling water give any indication of the strata penetrated. This can be supplement by small disturbed samples recovered from a driven sampler (i.e. SPT sampler). Non core drilling is therefore of limited use, but might be employed through the overburden covering a rippable rock or quarry stone. Figure Rotary drill rig in operation (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Rotary coring involves the use of a water lubricated diamond or tungsten tipped hollow core bit attached to a core sample recovery barrel and a series of hollow drill rods. See figure 6. In weak or fractured rocks better quality core are recovered from larger diameter bits. Some ground investigation drillers have developed a technique for recovering disturbed soil samples by dry drilling with a single tube core barrel, but This practice is not widely used and is less successful in coarse deposits with little plastic clay binder. Example of rotary log see appendix 3. Further information on site investigation drilling and the description of drill cores is contained in BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigations (1999). Figure Layout of a small Rotary core unit. (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Geophysical Exploration This method of investigation is not commonly used as it is not suitable for all ground conditions and there are limitations to the information obtained. The main use of this form of exploration is it can give bedrock and water table levels and it can also detect sub-surface cavities. The two main methods are. Seismic Refraction This method involves the generation of an artificial shock waves in the rock or soil and then records the finding in a series of detecting station which are place across the area been investigated. The detecting stations are known as geophones. This method is often used to detect buried channels and identify bedrock levels. See figure Figure Seismic Refraction Method (Source www.geophysics.co.uk) Electrical Resistivity Method This method involves the driving of four equally spaced electrodes into the ground in a straight line. When this process is done and a current is passed through the outer electrodes and the difference in volts with the inner electrodes is measured. See Figure 8 Figure Electrical Resistivity Method (Source www.discoveryprogramme.ie) Soils Testing The purpose of the soil testing of material from the borrow pits is to Determine the engineering properties of the material. To establish if the material is the same quality throughout. To provide document records of the pit for the clients. In order to fully assess the engineering properties of a borrow pit material it is necessary to have samples tested in a Materials Laboratory. The purpose of testing material is to see if the comply with the specifications of there indented use. The laboratory will use standard testing procedures to classify the samples taken. In Ireland the parameters set out in Table 6 / 1 of the NRA SRW include a combination of the following. Typical tests undertaken are for soils and aggregates Moisture content 10% fines Particle size grading Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit CBR MCV Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Laois County Council 2007) Moisture content Moisture content is the amount of water to amount of dry soil. The method is based on removing soil moisture by oven-drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant. The moisture content (%) is calculated from the sample weight before and after drying tests carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 109:1990 for aggregates Figure Soils Oven (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) 10% Fines This test is not too dissimilar from the test to determine the aggregate crushing value which determines the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. But instead of using a standard force of 400kn. the force at which 10% of fines are produced is noted as the Ten Percent Fines Value. This usually requires a number of tests and a graph to establish the exact figure. This test tends to be used for softer aggregate where a force of 400kn. would crush most or all of the aggregate. This test is carried out BS 812 Part 111: 1990 for aggregates Partially Grading Tests The particle size distribution grading of a road surfacing material is an essential guide to the suitability of the material since the engineering properties are very dependant on grading. See Figure 7. Testing is carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 103.1:1985 for aggregates. Figure Sieve Test (Sourced Soil Compaction Handbook) Plastic Limit Testing and Liquid Limit Testing The Plastic Limit (PL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which the soil fines change from a semi solid to a plastic state. In this test a 20 gram sample of material passing the O.425 mm sieve is mixed with a little water until it becomes plastic enough to be formed into a ball. The soil is then moulded between the fingers until the surface begins to crack. It is then repeatedly rolled on a glass plate into 3mm diameter threads until longitudinal cracking causes the tread to start to break up. This moisture content is the plastic limit. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL5 Figure Plastic limit test and equipment (Sourced http://ral.train.army.mil) and (Sourced www.humbolgtmfg.com) The Liquid Limit (LL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which soil changes from a firm plastic state to a soft liquid state. Two methods are available for determining the liquid limit: the traditional method using the Casagrande apparatus and the more recently developed cone penetrometer method. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL4.3 4.4 Figure Casagrande equipment Figure Cone Penetrometer (Sources www.humbolgtmfg.com) (Sources www.sbe.napier.ac.uk) The difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit is called the Plasticity Index (PI). This index provides a good guide to the cohesive properties of a road building aggregate. A high PI may indicate the presence of an undesirable amount or type of clay. CBR test It is in essence a simple penetration test developed to evaluate the strength of road subgrades. How strong is the ground upon which we are going to build the road. (Summers 2010) Tests are carried out either unsoaked or soaked. Unpaved road materials would normally be tested according to the 4 day soaked test procedure. An estimated CBR value may be derived from the results of grading and plasticity tests. Tests are carried out to B.S.1377:4:1990 Section 7 Figure CBR test apparatus (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) MCV Test This test involves compaction of soil or fine aggregates using a hand held device. The compactive effort can be compared to that needed at the optimum moisture content. This enables a comparison with the actual moisture content of the soil. Test carried out to BS 1377: Part 4:1990 see Figure 13 for test apparatus. Figure MCV apparatus (Sourced www.ele.com) Triaxial Shear Strength Test The triaxial shear strength test subjects a soil specimen to three compressive stresses at right angle to each other with stress being increased until the sample fails in shear. This test is carried out to predict how the material will behave in a larger-scale engineering application. An example would be to predict the stability of the soil on a slope, whether the slope will collapse or whether the soil will support the shear stresses of the slope and remain in place. Tests are carried out to BS 1377: Part 6:1990. See figure 14 for test apparatus. Figure Test apparatus for Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Sourced www.namicon.com) New Changes to Site Investigation and Testing At present all Geotechnical investigation and testing is carried out to B.S. but come 31st March 2010 all test will be carried out using the new Eurocode 7 this will be for all publicly funded project. This does not apply to the private sector but there are likely to follow suit. Example of changes. TC 341: Geotechnical investigation and testing 14688 Identification and classification of soil 3 Parts 14689 Identification and classification of rock 2 Parts 17892 Laboratory testing of soil 12 Parts 22282 Geohydraulic testing 6 Parts 22475 Sampling methods and groundwater measurements 3 Parts 22476 Field testing 13 Parts (Sourced New Irish Geotechnical Standards and Selection of Characteristic Parameter Values 2009) Resources Estimation Introduction In this chapter the author will look at how quantities of materials that can be potentially in a borrow pit and how they may be calculated. One of the main primary objective of a borrow pit investigation and testing is to establish the extent of the different classes of materials and there suitability to the given project. With all the information in the next objective is to calculate the quantity of material that is in the potential borrow pit to see if its a viable option to proceed with. The potential quantity of material that can be extracted from a borrow pit should always be calculated in cubic metres (m3). A cubic metre should be seen as a box of material with a length (l) of 1 metre a height (h) of 1 metre and a depth (d) of 1metre. Before and estimates can be taken off a detail topography survey of the potential borrow pits will have to be taken see figure 21 for typical contour survey. However, with all information from the investigation of the site it can be hard to estimate an exact amount so it is better to estimate on the conservative than on the generous. This may come about if the information between the trial pits may vary from data collected as seen early a grids of 30 to 50 meters should be used and for larger areas if could be up to 100 meters grids There are different method of calculation the quantity of material that in the given site depending on the borrow pit make up but the most simple way is to break the area up into simple shapes such as rectangular prisms or triangular prisms. The volume of material in these shapes is estimated by first calculating a representative area in square meters (m2), and then multiplying this area by its depth or a length (in metres). It may need to be an average depth or length if the pit is irregular in shape or the deposit has a variable thickness. Formula for calculating the areas for different type of pit can be work out using the standard mathematically formula to get the quantities for the site. See figures 17,18,19,20 Trapezoid Figure Formula for a Trapezoid shape Volume = Base X Height Figure Formula for Prisms Volume = Length X Width X Height Figure Formula for a Rectangular Volume = 1/3 pr2x height Figure Formula for a cone shape (Sourced Area and surface Formulas) Another method of course if available to you is different types of computer packages that can do the work for you like AutoCAD 3D civil packages. Figure Typical Contour Survey (Sourced Volume Calculations) Material Wastage, Shrinkage and Bulking Material Wastage Wastage can occur if site investigation reports of material dont add up to what in the ground and material been use for work it was not envisaged to do, like having to create bund not accounted for some. Material Bulking Material bulking will also to be taken into account when hauling materials of the bulking-up factor. When materials are excavated they are loosened and sometimes broken down, this result in an increase in volume per unit weight known as bulking. The bulking factor of a material is the bulk density in the pit face (bank) divided by the loose bulk density. A bulking factor of 1.25 indicates that 100 m3 of bank material will become 125 m3 of loose material in the stockpile. Material Shrinking Compacted material, material that has been excavated from it natural state and placed some place else for compaction. With compaction the volume reduces. The same can apply to shrinkage when material is been compacted what was originally 1m3 in a compacted state with shrinking factor is 0.85m3. Table 1 Typical Material Density, Bulking and Shrinkage Factors. (Source Earthworks) The Resources Estimation has a dual purpose with given you the quantities of resources out but also on the other hand the amount of material which if can be disposal back into to fill the pits from surplus or unsuitable material that cannot be use on site. Legalisation Introduction This chapter discusses of both Planning legislation and Waste legislation in the terms of Construction and Demolishing Waste in the construction sector. The planning legislation we will be looking in relation to opening up of a borrow pit for bulk material (soil) and the production of aggregates. In CD waste legislation for the disposal of inert material. In the area of waste management there has been a number of direct and indirect (both national and EU) legislative influences on how operations should be carried out with the regards to CD waste in road construction The Planning and Development Act 2000 and associated Regulations 2001 The Planning and Development Act 2000 is the main act for planning permission in Ireland and this process is overseen by the different Local Authorities in the country. Regulations 2001 is the statutory legislation that applies to new and existing extractive developments and ancillary facilities in Ireland. Quarries (including sand and gravel pits) operating before the existence of planning legislation in Ireland that was implemented in 1964 did not have to obtain planning permission and were essentially unregulated. Despite this, much self-regulation took place such as imposition of emissions (noise, blasting, and dust) limits and the implementation of Environmental Management systems accredited to IS0 14001. However, under Section 261 of the Planning and Development Act 2000, a new system of once-off registration for all quarries was introduced. Only those quarries for which planning permission was granted in the five years before section 261 (i.e. after April 1999) became operative are excluded. Section 261 has also resulted in some extractive sites being required to submit an Environmental impact statement and to go through the formal planning process. This review process has resulted in up-to-date environmental and biodiversity management conditions being enforceable on all authorised sites; this process is largely complete at this time. CD Waste legislation As spoken earlier on CD waste legislation in Ireland is influenced by European waste policy and legislation. The EU waste management is based on the waste hierarchy which gives preference to waste prevention, then to waste recovery (including reuse, recycle and energy recovery). And finally to waste disposal (to landfill) See figure 22 for hierarchy Figure Waste hierarchy (Source Fas CIF Handbook on Construction Demolishing and Waste) European Legislation The majority of European waste management directives are based on the Symonds report 1999 which evaluated the recycling of CD Waste in each of the member state and prepared 55 recommendation. The following is a list of the most important recommendations of the report Fly tipping subject to sanctions Land filling of CD waste should be discouraged by member states. CD Waste derived aggregates should not be discrimination in the market place, primary aggregates and CD Waste derived aggregates should be both be considered as raw materials The client should demand that Environmental Impact Analysis be undertaken for each project which could form part of Environmental Management Plan. Governments to draw up National Waste Management plans for CC waste. The main based EU based legislation that influences CD waste management on a national level are Framework Directive on waste 75/442/EEC plus amendments Framework Directive on Hazardous Waste,1991 91/689/EEC

Exploring the Validity of the Statement that the Eruption of Thera Caus

Minoan Crete was a civilization experiencing great social and economic prosperity during its zenith around the time known as Late Minoan 1 (LM 1) (Sheppard Baird 2009). However the Minoan population ended abruptly and seemingly simultaneously 430 years later, this left archaeologists and historians searching for the cause (Castleden 1990, 143). The main reason archaeologists are studying the reason for the downfall is because if a date was known, a more precise historical timescale could be produced that would give a more accurate chronology of ancient history during this time (Barber 1990, 221). Ever since Sir Arthur Evans developed the concept of the Minoan civilisation, there have been many proposed reasons for the downfall, each with their own evidence and supporters (Sheppard Baird 2009). It was in 1939 that Syridon Marinatos, a leading 20th century archaeologist of Crete, initially suggested that the volcano Thera was the reason for the Minoans demise (Castleden 1990, 143). Ma ny more hypotheses as to what caused the destruction have stemmed from this initial thought, such as tsunamis, economic and agricultural decline as well as foreign invasion. However due to advances in science and further studies into Thera and the Minoan’s history, this volcano no longer seemed the only plausible cause for the disappearance of Minoan Civilisation (Sheppard Baird 2009). Thera was located on the present day island of Santorini, 120 km north of Crete, and for hundreds of years there was little to no activity. It wasn’t until three and a half thousand years ago when the historic eruption occurred (Cecil 2011)(Ancient Greece org 2010). There were three phases to the eruption, first pumice was ejected which covered Akrotiri in a layer rang... ...h: a new view of the â€Å"Palace of Minos† at Knossos, Routledge, London. Cecil J., 2011 The fall of the Minoan civilization , BBC-History , BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/minoan_01.shtml accessed: 30 April 2012. Hood S., 1971 The Minoans: the story of Bronze Age Crete, Praeger Publishers, Michigan. MacDonald C. Driessen J., 1997 The Troubled Island: Minoan Crete before and after the Santorini eruption, Università © de Lià ¨ge, Histoire de l'art et archà ©ologie de la Grà ¨ce antique. Platon N. 1966 Crete, Archaeologia Mundi series, Frederick Muller Limited, London. Pyle D.M, 1989 Thera and the Aegean world III, Ther Thera Foundation, London. Sheppard Baird W., 2009 The Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini and Late Minoan IB Destruction Event , Minoan Atlantis http://www.minoanatlantis.com/LM_IB_Destruction.php accessed: 30 April 2012.

Personal Responsibility Essay

Practicing personal responsibility in every aspect of our lives is the safest way to guarantee personal success. Personal responsibility is as simple as managing our life and making our own decisions without giving others the opportunity to dictate the outcome of our future. As the architects of our academic future, we must understand that only we can lay the foundation for our success. It is also important to recognize that having a strong preliminary plan to practice personal responsibility in our education is essential in achieving our academic goals. Dr. Ron Haskins with the Annie E. Casey Foundation defines personal responsibility as â€Å"the willingness to accept both the importance of standards that society establishes for individual behavior and to make strenuous personal efforts to live by those standards†. According to Dr. Haskins â€Å"personal responsibility also means that when individuals fail to meet such expected standards, they do not look around for some factor outside themselves to blame†. Dr. Haskins is saying that by accepting our role in society we are accepting the responsibilities that come with that role. That if our responsibilities become overwhelming, we will make the necessary sacrifices or changes to fulfill those responsibilities and we will not blame our faults on others. When it pertains to your education, you must understand that it is your responsibility to always seek improvement in order to become a valuable member of our society. Personal responsibility and college success will always go hand in hand. The moment we decide to seek an education we make a huge commitment to ourselves and others. We become part of a small group of individuals who believe that self-improvement and the pursuit of excellence are the keys to achieving success. As we embark on our educational journey we will be faced with many obstacles that can prevent us from achieving our academic goals.  It is important to identify these obstacles and find balance in our lives by setting priorities and limitations. Always seek help when needed and use your family and career aspirations as motivation rather than challenges in the path towards academic success. Remember that your academic success will always be the result of your work and determination. In 2009 President Barak Obama gave a speech on the importance of education at the Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia. In his speech President Obama stated that â€Å"we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, and the best schools in the world and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter, unless all of us fulfill our responsibilities†. I believe President Obama was highlighting the importance of fulfilling our responsibilities if we wish to achieve academic success. President Obama was trying to teach the students of Wakefield High School that although you can be provided with a blank canvass and supplies, it is up to you to create the master piece. Having a preliminary plan to fulfill your responsibilities and achieving your goals is essential if you wish to create that master peace. You need to manage your time by setting periodic goals and making responsible decisions. You must also recognize your limitations and ensure that your expectations are realistic. Never put more than you can eat on your plate and do not hold other people accountable for your decisions. By following these steps you will ensure a smooth process through your academic journey. Personal responsibility can perceive differently by many people. Your background, culture or morals can be key influential factor in your interpretation of the term. However, although there are several factors that can influence the decisions we make in life, personal responsibility lays with each individual. We must embrace our failures and learn from our past to ensure a better future. We must also ensure that our personal and academic choices are responsible and guided by firm principles, and we must always strive towards excellence in every aspect of our life. Most importantly, we must understand that the choices we make today will follow us for the rest our lives. References Barack Obama’s speech on education. 2009. President Barack Obama. Retrieved from http://www.upi.com/Obamas-speech-on-importance-of-education. The Sequence of Personal Responsibility. 2009. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2009/07/09-responsibility-haskins.